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Economy, Business & Finance

Ethiopia Rolls Out Bold Tax Reform Plan

The IMF reports that Ethiopia is finalizing a directive to eliminate tax exemptions on imported intermediate inputs for new investments. Ongoing tax policy assessments aim to close corporate income tax gaps and streamline the presumptive tax system for small businesses.

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Ethiopia streamlines tax exemptions, eyes new levies, and gains IMF backing in bid to boost revenue and stabilize its economy.
In April 2024, Ethiopia's Minister of Finance, Ahmed Shide, and National Bank Governor Mamo Mihretu met with IMF Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva to review the country's homegrown economic reform program. (Photo: FBC)

Ethiopia streamlines tax exemptions, eyes new levies, and gains IMF backing in bid to boost revenue and stabilize its economy.

By Charles Wachira

Ethiopia Accelerates Tax Reforms Amid Economic Strains

The Ethiopian government is rolling out wide-ranging tax reforms to boost revenue, modernize fiscal policy, and attract investment—critical steps as the country grapples with high inflation, regional instability, and a persistent foreign exchange crunch.

According to a recent International Monetary Fund (IMF) report released on January 29, 2025, Ethiopia is working to eliminate tax exemptions, broaden its tax base, and introduce new levies—all in a bid to stabilize the economy and enhance public finances.


Ending Loopholes and Revising Incentives

Central to the reforms is a directive to end tax exemptions on imported intermediate goods—concessions previously extended to attract local and foreign investors. In Kenya, attempts by the Government to raise taxes on essential goods led to national protests that shook investors’ confidence.

“The Ethiopian government is finalising a directive to streamline and eliminate tax exemptions for imported intermediate inputs,” the IMF stated in its latest country report.

The government also plans to close corporate tax loopholes and restructure the presumptive tax regime for informal businesses—a sector that constitutes a large portion of Ethiopia’s economy.


New Taxes: Vehicles and Property in the Spotlight

In the 2025/26 fiscal year, new motor vehicle ownership taxes will be implemented, targeting middle- and high-income earners. The government is also reassessing personal income tax thresholds to improve fairness and revenue efficiency.

But the most contentious plan remains the proposed property tax. The measure, currently under parliamentary debate, has drawn concern over its impact on low-income households and small-scale landowners.

“Are we improving the tax system by overburdening these segments of society?” asked Ewnetu Alene, Chair of the Standing Committee on Democratic Affairs.


IMF Lifeline: Credit Facility Supports Reform Agenda

These tax reforms are part of Ethiopia’s four-year Extended Credit Facility (ECF) agreement with the IMF. In January 2025, the second review unlocked $248 million, bringing total disbursements under the $3.4 billion package to $1.611 billion.

The IMF says the reforms are necessary to:

  • Create fiscal space
  • Tame inflation, expected to return to single digits by 2028
  • Ease forex constraints

“These measures, while difficult, are expected to support higher growth,” the IMF noted in its report.


Persistent Challenges: Inflation, Displacement & Conflict

Despite the reform momentum, Ethiopia remains mired in structural challenges. Inflation is projected to peak at 25% in late 2025. Combined with internal displacement and ethnic conflicts in Amhara, Oromia, and Tigray, the pressure on public spending and aid dependency is increasing.

The IMF warns that “elevated downside risks” could derail the reform agenda. However, support from the World Bank, African Development Bank, and European Union is helping to cushion Ethiopia’s path to recovery.


Despite hurdles, revenue collection is trending upward. Ethiopia reported 451 billion birr in the first half of the 2024/25 fiscal year—putting it on track toward a 1.5 trillion birr annual target.

Finance Minister Ahmed Shide stressed that expanding the tax base and improving compliance are crucial:

“We’re committed to engaging the public in understanding why these reforms matter.”

With its revenue-to-GDP ratio lagging behind the Sub-Saharan Africa average, Ethiopia aims to close the gap through tighter policies and smarter collection mechanisms.


The Bigger Picture: Ethiopia’s Fiscal Reboot

Ethiopia is shifting from its previous infrastructure-led growth model to one anchored in sustainable, revenue-driven development. With over 120 million people, the country’s future hinges on generating domestic resources to fund services, reduce poverty, and attract foreign investment.

The current reform program—if sustained—could be the most impactful fiscal shift Ethiopia has undertaken in decades.

“While opposition to some tax measures is expected, the broader vision is a stable and self-reliant economy,” said economist Getachew T. Alemu.

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Banking, Finance & Economic Policy

Absa Kenya Profit Up 15% on Lower Provisions

Loan-loss provisions fell sharply, boosting Absa’s earnings, while customer deposits climbed 9% to KSh 384 billion (US$2.7 billion). The bank continues to expand its agency network and financial inclusion initiatives across Kenya.

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Absa CEO Abdi Mohamed highlighted innovation and sustainable products, including Shariah-compliant accounts and energy-efficient home loans. Analysts say the results show how Kenyan banks can thrive despite lower interest margins.

Absa Bank Kenya posts 15% profit growth to KSh 16.9B (US$120M) on lower loan-loss provisions and higher non-interest income.

Absa Bank Kenya Profit Rises 15% on Lower Loan Provisions

Nairobi —Absa Bank Kenya posted a 15% increase in profit after tax, reaching KSh 16.9 billion (≈ US$120 million) for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, according to Capital FM. The lender attributed the growth to strong cost management and an 11% rise in non-interest income.

The results position Absa as one of the most resilient banks in Kenya, even as peers contend with tightening margins amid lower interest rates.


Lower Provisions Boost Earnings

The bank cut its loan-loss provisions by around 40%, with impairment charges falling to KSh 4.8 billion (≈ US$34 million). Capital FM reported that this improvement reflects better asset quality and disciplined risk management across Absa’s lending portfolio.

Absa also noted that lower funding costs and efficient capital allocation helped cushion the impact of compressed net interest margins.


Non-Interest Income Supports Growth

Fees, commissions, and other non-funded income rose to KSh 13.6 billion (≈ US$97 million), driven largely by growth in payments, agency banking, and advisory services.

“The diversification of revenue streams has been a key pillar of our strategy,” Absa CEO Abdi Mohamed said in a statement. “Even in a low-interest environment, we have managed to sustain profitability and deliver value to shareholders.”


Deposits and Balance Sheet Strength

Customer deposits grew 9% to KSh 384 billion (≈ US$2.7 billion), while total assets expanded 14% to KSh 554 billion (≈ US$3.9 billion), according to the report.

The bank’s robust liquidity underpins its ability to fund lending and support financial inclusion initiatives, including its agency banking network, now operating in over 8,000 locations across Kenya.


Innovation and Product Expansion

Absa highlighted new offerings such as Sultana, a Shariah-compliant banking product, and Eco Home Loans, aimed at financing energy-efficient housing projects. These initiatives are part of the bank’s broader strategy to attract niche customer segments while supporting sustainable development.


Historical Performance Context

For the first half of 2025, Absa reported KSh 11.7 billion (≈ US$83 million) in profit after tax, a 9% increase from H1 2024, driven by similar trends of lower impairments and strong non-interest income, Capital FM noted. Impairment charges during that period fell by 38%, indicating sustained improvement in credit quality.


Market Implications

Analysts say Absa’s results demonstrate how Kenyan banks can maintain profitability through cost discipline, diversification, and prudent risk management.

“This shows the advantage of balancing interest income with fees and commissions,” said Nairobi-based banking analyst Joseph Mwangi. “Absa’s model may become increasingly relevant as monetary policy fluctuates and margin pressures persist across the sector.”


Outlook

Absa management signaled confidence in maintaining growth momentum through the remainder of 2025 and into 2026. The bank is expected to continue leveraging its diverse revenue base, expanding financial inclusion efforts, and pursuing innovation in digital banking and green financing products.

Mohamed added that the bank remains committed to sustainable, inclusive growth: “Our strategy is to support both shareholder returns and customer-centric initiatives, while continuing to enhance operational efficiency.”


International Perspective

For foreign investors, Absa’s results underscore Kenya’s resilience in the banking sector despite global macroeconomic uncertainties. The bank’s ability to deliver consistent profits while maintaining strong asset quality and expanding its customer base reflects its strategic execution and operational discipline.

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Startups, Venture Capital & Innovation

Kenya’s Kakamega Gold Discovery Worth $5.3B

Nearly 800 households may face resettlement due to the mine’s 337-acre footprint. Local leaders are demanding transparent compensation and consultation.

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Environmentalists warn mining could affect Yala and Isiukhu rivers. Shanta Gold says mitigation measures will protect water and restore land.

Shanta Gold confirms 1.27 M oz Kakamega deposit worth ~$5.3 B. Project sparks jobs, investment, resettlement, and environmental debate.

Kenya’s Kakamega Gold Discovery Sparks Economic and Social Debate

Major Gold Find Confirmed

Shanta Gold Ltd., a British-listed mining company, confirmed in November 2025 that it has discovered 1.27 million ounces of high-grade gold in Kakamega County, western Kenya. The deposit, valued at roughly $5.28 billion, is detailed in an Environmental Impact Assessment filed with the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). Uganda is a net exporter of the bullion.

Project Plans and Infrastructure

The company plans to develop an underground mine at the Isulu-Bushiangala site with a 1,500-ton-per-day processing plant, a 12-megawatt power station, tailings storage, and road infrastructure. The project footprint spans 337 acres, potentially displacing nearly 800 households, with six resettlement sites mapped across 1,932 acres.

Investment and Royalties

Shanta estimates capital expenditure of $170–208 million and annual operating costs of around $19 million, according to The Star. Under Kenya’s mining regulations, the company will pay 3% of gross gold sales as royalties, divided with 70% to the national government, 20% to Kakamega County, and 10% to host communities. Annual royalties are projected at KSh560–610 million, alongside a Mineral Development Levy of approximately KSh195 million.

Community Concerns and Resettlement

Local leaders in Ikolomani have voiced concern over displacement and insufficient consultation. A public hearing scheduled for Nov. 12, 2025 at Bushiangala Technical Training Institute was canceled, sparking criticism from residents, according to Capital FM.

Environmental Risks

Environmental groups have warned that mining could impact the Yala and Isiukhu rivers, potentially affecting water supply and ecosystems. Shanta’s EIA outlines mitigation measures including lined tailings dams, water-quality monitoring, controlled blasting, and progressive land rehabilitation.

Regulatory Review and Next Steps

NEMA is reviewing the EIA and public submissions before issuing environmental clearance. Approval would allow Shanta to move into financing and construction, while a rejection would require the company to redesign its plan or re-engage local communities, according to Hivileo.

Economic Impact

Analysts say the find could significantly boost Western Kenya’s economy, creating jobs in construction, transport, power, and local services. Experts caution that success depends on fair resettlement, transparent compensation, and environmental compliance.

Ore Quality and Production

Ore grades at Isulu-Bushiangala average 11.43 g/t, high by commercial standards. If operations proceed, the mine could become one of East Africa’s largest, positioning Kakamega as a mining hub.

Community and Government Oversight

County officials stress the need for strict enforcement to ensure benefits reach local communities and minimize social and environmental costs. Residents demand clear timelines for compensation and relocation.

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Banking, Finance & Economic Policy

African Central Banks Cut Interest Rates

Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana, and South Africa may reduce policy rates before year-end. Lower rates are expected to support credit growth and stimulate economic activity.

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Interest rate cuts could boost equity markets by making stocks more attractive than bonds. Banks, however, may face tighter margins as lending spreads narrow.

Several African central banks plan interest rate cuts as inflation cools. This may reshape banking profitability and financial markets.

African Central Banks Poised to Cut Interest Rates

A number of African central banks are expected to cut interest rates at their final policy meetings of 2025, according to Bloomberg. Inflation has shown signs of cooling across the continent,creating room for monetary easing. Analysts say these moves could have wide-ranging implications for banking profitability and financial markets.

Countries likely to adjust rates include Kenya, South Africa, Nigeria, and Ghana. Lower rates may ease borrowing costs for households and companies, but banks could see profit margins under pressure.


African inflation has moderated in recent months. Consumer price indices have slowed across East, West, and Southern Africa. The IMF reports that average inflation in key economies fell below 6% in Q3 2025.

Central banks are responding cautiously. While inflation is cooling, external risks such as high global interest rates and currency volatility remain. Policymakers must balance growth support with financial stability.


Impact on Banking Profitability

Lower interest rates could squeeze bank margins. Commercial banks rely on the spread between deposit and lending rates to generate profit. Rate cuts could reduce these spreads, affecting earnings.

Kenya Commercial Bank (KCB) and Equity Bank are likely to feel the impact. Analysts note that lower rates may stimulate credit growth, partially offsetting margin pressure. However, banks with high exposure to government securities may see net interest income decline.


Financial Market Implications

Interest rate cuts could boost local stock markets. Lower rates often make equities more attractive relative to bonds. Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) may see increased foreign and domestic investment inflows.

Currency markets could also react. Softer interest rates may reduce foreign capital inflows, weakening local currencies. Traders are watching the Kenyan shilling and Nigerian naira closely for early signals.


Country-Specific Outlooks

Kenya: The Central Bank of Kenya is expected to reduce its benchmark rate by 25–50 basis points. Analysts say this could support credit growth while maintaining inflation within the 5% target range.

South Africa: The South African Reserve Bank may cut rates cautiously, balancing inflation risks with growth support. Rate adjustments could also affect bond yields in the domestic market.

Nigeria: With inflation easing, the Central Bank of Nigeria could reduce lending rates to stimulate the economy. Lower rates may support businesses struggling with high borrowing costs.

Ghana: Bank of Ghana policymakers are monitoring inflation trends and may act before year-end to support fiscal sustainability and credit expansion.


Challenges for Policymakers

Even with falling inflation, central banks face external risks. U.S. interest rates remain high, pushing capital toward dollar assets. This could limit the effectiveness of rate cuts in stimulating local credit markets.

Currency depreciation, high sovereign debt, and political uncertainty are additional challenges. Policymakers must act carefully to avoid triggering inflation or financial instability.


Outlook for 2026

Analysts expect African central banks to continue a cautious easing cycle into 2026. Lower rates may support business investment and household borrowing. Banks will need to adapt to narrower interest spreads. Equity markets could benefit from more liquidity.

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