Economy, Business & Finance
Kenya Seeks New IMF Deal After Tax Unrest
Kenya is under pressure to cut its budget deficit, with the IMF projecting a drop from 5.7% to 4.1% of GDP by FY2024/25. While the IMF praises reform efforts, it warns that social protections must keep pace. Analysts say the country faces a delicate balancing act between fiscal discipline and public unrest.
Kenya aims to renegotiate its IMF program by Nov 2025 after fatal tax protests and economic strain from Trump-era U.S. tariffs, says top official Mudavadi.
Kenya is preparing to renegotiate the terms of its multibillion-shilling programme with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), as the government moves to calm public anger following deadly protests over punitive tax policies and lingering global shocks—including U.S. trade tariffs imposed during Donald Trump’s presidency.
In an interview with Bloomberg News in London on April 14, Prime Cabinet Secretary Musalia Mudavadi said Kenya would initiate formal talks with the IMF in the coming months, aiming to reach a new agreement by November 2025. The government, he said, is seeking a deal that reflects both Kenya’s economic realities and its political climate.
“We’re looking for a program that is fiscally sound but also socially sensitive,” Mudavadi told Bloomberg. “We want to stay the course on reform, but not at the expense of public stability.”
Although he didn’t reveal the proposed terms of the deal, his remarks come at a critical moment—when many Kenyans are demanding a rethink of the country’s fiscal path following recent street demonstrations that left at least 14 people dead and scores injured.
A Complicated Relationship with the IMF
Kenya’s engagement with the IMF stretches back to the 1970s, and has at times been fraught with tension. The Fund suspended its support in the 1990s due to governance and accountability concerns. But after a decade-long hiatus, cooperation resumed in the mid-2010s amid rising debt levels and growing external financing needs.
In April 2021, the IMF approved a $2.34 billion (Sh311 billion) arrangement for Kenya under its Extended Credit Facility (ECF) and Extended Fund Facility (EFF). The program was later increased to $3.6 billion (Sh480 billion) and has so far disbursed more than $2 billion (Sh267 billion).
The aim was to support Kenya’s economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and to help Nairobi stabilise its rising debt levels, which hit Sh11.1 trillion ($82 billion) as of February 2025—roughly 69% of GDP.
Yet the IMF-backed reform agenda has come under heavy fire. A raft of tax measures introduced under the Finance Act 2023, including housing levies and VAT adjustments, sparked widespread public protests in July 2023 and again in March 2024.
Rights groups and opposition leaders say the burden of reform has fallen disproportionately on the poor and working class.
“You cannot squeeze blood from a stone. The government is punishing hustlers while shielding cartels,” said Embakasi East MP Babu Owino during a protest in Nairobi.
External Headwinds
Adding to the domestic discontent are trade shocks tied to Trump-era tariffs. Despite President Joe Biden’s partial rollback of these levies, Kenyan exports—especially textiles and horticultural products—continue to face access challenges in U.S. markets.
Figures from the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics show that exports to the U.S. fell by 6.4% in 2024, while the trade deficit with America widened. At the same time, the shilling lost 9.3% of its value against the dollar last year, intensifying the country’s external debt burden.
Walking a Tightrope
IMF officials maintain that Kenya’s economic reform programme is making progress, particularly in reducing the budget deficit—expected to fall from 5.7% of GDP in FY2023/24 to 4.1% in FY2024/25.
“Kenya has demonstrated a strong commitment to fiscal reforms, but social safeguards must be strengthened,” said Haimanot Teferra, IMF Mission Chief for Kenya, in a January 2024 statement.
However, economic analysts warn that too much austerity could jeopardise political stability.
“If Kenya tightens too hard to please the IMF, it risks another round of street protests. But if it backtracks on reforms, it loses international support,” said Kwame Owino, CEO of the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA-Kenya). “It’s a very narrow path.”
What Lies Ahead
As the country prepares for talks with the IMF over the coming weeks, the Ruto administration is under pressure to recalibrate its economic priorities—balancing fiscal responsibility with the need to maintain public trust.
The outcome of these negotiations could shape Kenya’s economic trajectory for years to come, determining not just the flow of international financing, but also the political temperature at home.
Banking, Finance & Economic Policy
Absa Kenya Profit Up 15% on Lower Provisions
Loan-loss provisions fell sharply, boosting Absa’s earnings, while customer deposits climbed 9% to KSh 384 billion (US$2.7 billion). The bank continues to expand its agency network and financial inclusion initiatives across Kenya.
Absa Bank Kenya posts 15% profit growth to KSh 16.9B (US$120M) on lower loan-loss provisions and higher non-interest income.
Absa Bank Kenya Profit Rises 15% on Lower Loan Provisions
Nairobi —Absa Bank Kenya posted a 15% increase in profit after tax, reaching KSh 16.9 billion (≈ US$120 million) for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, according to Capital FM. The lender attributed the growth to strong cost management and an 11% rise in non-interest income.
The results position Absa as one of the most resilient banks in Kenya, even as peers contend with tightening margins amid lower interest rates.
Lower Provisions Boost Earnings
The bank cut its loan-loss provisions by around 40%, with impairment charges falling to KSh 4.8 billion (≈ US$34 million). Capital FM reported that this improvement reflects better asset quality and disciplined risk management across Absa’s lending portfolio.
Absa also noted that lower funding costs and efficient capital allocation helped cushion the impact of compressed net interest margins.
Non-Interest Income Supports Growth
Fees, commissions, and other non-funded income rose to KSh 13.6 billion (≈ US$97 million), driven largely by growth in payments, agency banking, and advisory services.
“The diversification of revenue streams has been a key pillar of our strategy,” Absa CEO Abdi Mohamed said in a statement. “Even in a low-interest environment, we have managed to sustain profitability and deliver value to shareholders.”
Deposits and Balance Sheet Strength
Customer deposits grew 9% to KSh 384 billion (≈ US$2.7 billion), while total assets expanded 14% to KSh 554 billion (≈ US$3.9 billion), according to the report.
The bank’s robust liquidity underpins its ability to fund lending and support financial inclusion initiatives, including its agency banking network, now operating in over 8,000 locations across Kenya.
Innovation and Product Expansion
Absa highlighted new offerings such as Sultana, a Shariah-compliant banking product, and Eco Home Loans, aimed at financing energy-efficient housing projects. These initiatives are part of the bank’s broader strategy to attract niche customer segments while supporting sustainable development.
Historical Performance Context
For the first half of 2025, Absa reported KSh 11.7 billion (≈ US$83 million) in profit after tax, a 9% increase from H1 2024, driven by similar trends of lower impairments and strong non-interest income, Capital FM noted. Impairment charges during that period fell by 38%, indicating sustained improvement in credit quality.
Market Implications
Analysts say Absa’s results demonstrate how Kenyan banks can maintain profitability through cost discipline, diversification, and prudent risk management.
“This shows the advantage of balancing interest income with fees and commissions,” said Nairobi-based banking analyst Joseph Mwangi. “Absa’s model may become increasingly relevant as monetary policy fluctuates and margin pressures persist across the sector.”
Outlook
Absa management signaled confidence in maintaining growth momentum through the remainder of 2025 and into 2026. The bank is expected to continue leveraging its diverse revenue base, expanding financial inclusion efforts, and pursuing innovation in digital banking and green financing products.
Mohamed added that the bank remains committed to sustainable, inclusive growth: “Our strategy is to support both shareholder returns and customer-centric initiatives, while continuing to enhance operational efficiency.”
International Perspective
For foreign investors, Absa’s results underscore Kenya’s resilience in the banking sector despite global macroeconomic uncertainties. The bank’s ability to deliver consistent profits while maintaining strong asset quality and expanding its customer base reflects its strategic execution and operational discipline.
Startups, Venture Capital & Innovation
Kenya’s Kakamega Gold Discovery Worth $5.3B
Nearly 800 households may face resettlement due to the mine’s 337-acre footprint. Local leaders are demanding transparent compensation and consultation.
Shanta Gold confirms 1.27 M oz Kakamega deposit worth ~$5.3 B. Project sparks jobs, investment, resettlement, and environmental debate.
Kenya’s Kakamega Gold Discovery Sparks Economic and Social Debate
Major Gold Find Confirmed
Shanta Gold Ltd., a British-listed mining company, confirmed in November 2025 that it has discovered 1.27 million ounces of high-grade gold in Kakamega County, western Kenya. The deposit, valued at roughly $5.28 billion, is detailed in an Environmental Impact Assessment filed with the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). Uganda is a net exporter of the bullion.
Project Plans and Infrastructure
The company plans to develop an underground mine at the Isulu-Bushiangala site with a 1,500-ton-per-day processing plant, a 12-megawatt power station, tailings storage, and road infrastructure. The project footprint spans 337 acres, potentially displacing nearly 800 households, with six resettlement sites mapped across 1,932 acres.
Investment and Royalties
Shanta estimates capital expenditure of $170–208 million and annual operating costs of around $19 million, according to The Star. Under Kenya’s mining regulations, the company will pay 3% of gross gold sales as royalties, divided with 70% to the national government, 20% to Kakamega County, and 10% to host communities. Annual royalties are projected at KSh560–610 million, alongside a Mineral Development Levy of approximately KSh195 million.
Community Concerns and Resettlement
Local leaders in Ikolomani have voiced concern over displacement and insufficient consultation. A public hearing scheduled for Nov. 12, 2025 at Bushiangala Technical Training Institute was canceled, sparking criticism from residents, according to Capital FM.
Environmental Risks
Environmental groups have warned that mining could impact the Yala and Isiukhu rivers, potentially affecting water supply and ecosystems. Shanta’s EIA outlines mitigation measures including lined tailings dams, water-quality monitoring, controlled blasting, and progressive land rehabilitation.
Regulatory Review and Next Steps
NEMA is reviewing the EIA and public submissions before issuing environmental clearance. Approval would allow Shanta to move into financing and construction, while a rejection would require the company to redesign its plan or re-engage local communities, according to Hivileo.
Economic Impact
Analysts say the find could significantly boost Western Kenya’s economy, creating jobs in construction, transport, power, and local services. Experts caution that success depends on fair resettlement, transparent compensation, and environmental compliance.
Ore Quality and Production
Ore grades at Isulu-Bushiangala average 11.43 g/t, high by commercial standards. If operations proceed, the mine could become one of East Africa’s largest, positioning Kakamega as a mining hub.
Community and Government Oversight
County officials stress the need for strict enforcement to ensure benefits reach local communities and minimize social and environmental costs. Residents demand clear timelines for compensation and relocation.
Banking, Finance & Economic Policy
African Central Banks Cut Interest Rates
Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana, and South Africa may reduce policy rates before year-end. Lower rates are expected to support credit growth and stimulate economic activity.
Several African central banks plan interest rate cuts as inflation cools. This may reshape banking profitability and financial markets.
African Central Banks Poised to Cut Interest Rates
A number of African central banks are expected to cut interest rates at their final policy meetings of 2025, according to Bloomberg. Inflation has shown signs of cooling across the continent,creating room for monetary easing. Analysts say these moves could have wide-ranging implications for banking profitability and financial markets.
Countries likely to adjust rates include Kenya, South Africa, Nigeria, and Ghana. Lower rates may ease borrowing costs for households and companies, but banks could see profit margins under pressure.
Inflation Trends Allow Easing
African inflation has moderated in recent months. Consumer price indices have slowed across East, West, and Southern Africa. The IMF reports that average inflation in key economies fell below 6% in Q3 2025.
Central banks are responding cautiously. While inflation is cooling, external risks such as high global interest rates and currency volatility remain. Policymakers must balance growth support with financial stability.
Impact on Banking Profitability
Lower interest rates could squeeze bank margins. Commercial banks rely on the spread between deposit and lending rates to generate profit. Rate cuts could reduce these spreads, affecting earnings.
Kenya Commercial Bank (KCB) and Equity Bank are likely to feel the impact. Analysts note that lower rates may stimulate credit growth, partially offsetting margin pressure. However, banks with high exposure to government securities may see net interest income decline.
Financial Market Implications
Interest rate cuts could boost local stock markets. Lower rates often make equities more attractive relative to bonds. Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) may see increased foreign and domestic investment inflows.
Currency markets could also react. Softer interest rates may reduce foreign capital inflows, weakening local currencies. Traders are watching the Kenyan shilling and Nigerian naira closely for early signals.
Country-Specific Outlooks
Kenya: The Central Bank of Kenya is expected to reduce its benchmark rate by 25–50 basis points. Analysts say this could support credit growth while maintaining inflation within the 5% target range.
South Africa: The South African Reserve Bank may cut rates cautiously, balancing inflation risks with growth support. Rate adjustments could also affect bond yields in the domestic market.
Nigeria: With inflation easing, the Central Bank of Nigeria could reduce lending rates to stimulate the economy. Lower rates may support businesses struggling with high borrowing costs.
Ghana: Bank of Ghana policymakers are monitoring inflation trends and may act before year-end to support fiscal sustainability and credit expansion.
Challenges for Policymakers
Even with falling inflation, central banks face external risks. U.S. interest rates remain high, pushing capital toward dollar assets. This could limit the effectiveness of rate cuts in stimulating local credit markets.
Currency depreciation, high sovereign debt, and political uncertainty are additional challenges. Policymakers must act carefully to avoid triggering inflation or financial instability.
Outlook for 2026
Analysts expect African central banks to continue a cautious easing cycle into 2026. Lower rates may support business investment and household borrowing. Banks will need to adapt to narrower interest spreads. Equity markets could benefit from more liquidity.
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